Identificar e instalar driver wifi no Debian Linux

Se você instalou o Debian e a sua placa de rede wifi não foi reconhecida, veja como identificar a placa e instalar o driver correto.

Wifi

O Debian não vem com firmware proprietário instalado e nem com repositórios que os tenha, para que você possa instalar um driver para um dispositivo que não tenha sido reconhecido pelos firmware open, você deve liberar em sua sources.list esse repositório, mas para isso você precisa ao menos de conexão via cabo com a internet.

Em primeiro lugar vamos liberar o contrib non-free na sua sources.list, para isso abra o terminal e de o comando abaixo para abrir a sua sources.list.

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

OBS: Usei o gedit por ser o padrão do Gnome, se estiver usando outro ambiente gráfico, substitua pelo seu editor de texto.
Com o arquivo aberto, onde tiver a palavra main 

Você deve substituir por main contrib non-free

 

Feita a substituição em todas as linhas, salve o arquivo e feche.

No terminal de o comando abaixo para atualizar a lista de pacotes.

sudo apt update

Agora você precisa saber qual é a sua placa de rede, para isso de o comando abaixo no terminal.

Para placas internas.

lspci

Para placas USB ( conecte a placa a entrada USB )

lsusb

O resultado do comando no meu caso foi.

A minha placa é uma Ralink.

04:00.0 Network controller: Ralink corp. RT2561/RT61 rev B 802.11g

Nesse caso a instalação do firmware-ralink resolve todo o problema.

sudo apt install firmware-ralink

Mas você deve instalar o firmware identificado pelo comando lspci ou lsusb para que funcione.
Para facilitar a sua vida criei a lista abaixo.

A instalação é como no exemplo

sudo apt install (firmware em negrito na lista abaixo)

firmware-atheros

Atheros AR3012 rev 01020001 patch (ar3k/AthrBT_0x01020001.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 01020200 patch (ar3k/AthrBT_0x01020200.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 01020201 patch (ar3k/AthrBT_0x01020201.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 11020000 patch (ar3k/AthrBT_0x11020000.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 31010000 patch (ar3k/AthrBT_0x31010000.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 41020000 patch (ar3k/AthrBT_0x41020000.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 01020001 config (ar3k/ramps_0x01020001_26.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 01020200 26 MHz config
(ar3k/ramps_0x01020200_26.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 01020200 40 MHz config
(ar3k/ramps_0x01020200_40.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 01020201 26 MHz config
(ar3k/ramps_0x01020201_26.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 01020201 40 MHz config
(ar3k/ramps_0x01020201_40.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 11020000 config (ar3k/ramps_0x11020000_40.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 31010000 config (ar3k/ramps_0x31010000_40.dfu)
* Atheros AR3012 rev 41020000 config (ar3k/ramps_0x41020000_40.dfu)
* Atheros AR5523 firmware (ar5523.bin)
* Atheros AR7010 rev 1.0 firmware (ar7010.fw)
* Atheros AR7010 rev 1.1 firmware (ar7010_1_1.fw)
* Atheros AR9170 firmware (ar9170.fw)
* Atheros AR9271 firmware (ar9271.fw)
* Atheros AR3011 firmware (ath3k-1.fw)
* ath6k/AR6003.1/hw2.1.1/athwlan.bin
* ath6k/AR6003.1/hw2.1.1/bdata.SD31.bin
* ath6k/AR6003.1/hw2.1.1/bdata.SD32.bin
* ath6k/AR6003.1/hw2.1.1/bdata.WB31.bin
* ath6k/AR6003.1/hw2.1.1/data.patch.bin
* ath6k/AR6003.1/hw2.1.1/endpointping.bin
* ath6k/AR6003.1/hw2.1.1/otp.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw1.0/athwlan.bin.z77
* ath6k/AR6003/hw1.0/bdata.SD31.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw1.0/bdata.SD32.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw1.0/bdata.WB31.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw1.0/data.patch.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw1.0/otp.bin.z77
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.0/athwlan.bin.z77
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.0/bdata.SD31.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.0/bdata.SD32.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.0/bdata.WB31.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.0/data.patch.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.0/otp.bin.z77
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.1.1/athwlan.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.1.1/bdata.SD31.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.1.1/bdata.SD32.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.1.1/bdata.WB31.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.1.1/data.patch.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.1.1/endpointping.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.1.1/fw-2.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.1.1/fw-3.bin
* ath6k/AR6003/hw2.1.1/otp.bin
* ath6k/AR6004/hw1.2/bdata.bin
* ath6k/AR6004/hw1.2/fw-2.bin
* ath6k/AR6004/hw1.3/bdata.bin
* ath6k/AR6004/hw1.3/fw-3.bin
* Atheros AR7010 firmware, version 1.3 (htc_7010.fw)
* Atheros AR9271 firmware, version 1.3 (htc_9271.fw)

firmware-realtek

* Realtek RTL8192E boot code (RTL8192E/boot.img)
* Realtek RTL8192E init data (RTL8192E/data.img)
* Realtek RTL8192E main code (RTL8192E/main.img)
* Realtek RTL8192SU firmware, version 902B (RTL8192SU/rtl8192sfw.bin)
* Realtek RTL8105E-1 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8105e-1.fw)
* Realtek RTL8106E-1 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8106e-1.fw)
* Realtek RTL8106E-2 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8106e-2.fw)
* Realtek RTL8111D-1/RTL8168D-1 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8168d-1.fw)
* Realtek RTL8111D-2/RTL8168D-2 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8168d-2.fw)
* Realtek RTL8168E-1 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8168e-1.fw)
* Realtek RTL8168E-2 firmware (rtl_nic/rtl8168e-2.fw)
* Realtek RTL8168E-3 firmware, version 0.0.4 (rtl_nic/rtl8168e-3.fw)
* Realtek RTL8168F-1 firmware, version 0.0.5 (rtl_nic/rtl8168f-1.fw)
* Realtek RTL8168F-2 firmware, version 0.0.4 (rtl_nic/rtl8168f-2.fw)
* Realtek RTL8168G-1 firmware, version 0.0.3 (rtl_nic/rtl8168g-1.fw)
* Realtek RTL8168G-2 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8168g-2.fw)
* Realtek RTL8168G-3 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8168g-3.fw)
* Realtek RTL8402-1 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8402-1.fw)
* Realtek RTL8411-1 firmware, version 0.0.3 (rtl_nic/rtl8411-1.fw)
* Realtek RTL8411-2 firmware, version 0.0.1 (rtl_nic/rtl8411-2.fw)
* Realtek RTL8188EE firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8188efw.bin)
* Realtek RTL8188EU firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8188eufw.bin)
* Realtek RTL8192CE/RTL8188CE firmware, version 4.816.2011
(rtlwifi/rtl8192cfw.bin)
* Realtek RTL8192CE/RTL8188CE B-cut firmware, version 4.816.2011
(rtlwifi/rtl8192cfwU_B.bin)
* Realtek RTL8188CE A-cut firmware, version 4.816.2011
(rtlwifi/rtl8192cfwU.bin)
* Realtek RTL8192CU/RTL8188CU UMC A-cut firmware
(rtlwifi/rtl8192cufw_A.bin)
* Realtek RTL8192CU/RTL8188CU UMC B-cut firmware
(rtlwifi/rtl8192cufw_B.bin)
* Realtek RTL8192CU/RTL8188CU TMSC firmware
(rtlwifi/rtl8192cufw_TMSC.bin)
* Realtek RTL8192CU/RTL8188CU fallback firmware
(rtlwifi/rtl8192cufw.bin)
* Realtek RTL8192DE firmware, version 4.816.2011
(rtlwifi/rtl8192defw.bin)
* Realtek RTL8192SE/RTL8191SE firmware, version 4.816.2011
(rtlwifi/rtl8192sefw.bin)
* Realtek RTL8192SU/RTL8712U firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8712u.bin)
* Realtek RTL8723AU rev B with-Bluetooth firmware
(rtlwifi/rtl8723aufw_B.bin)
* Realtek RTL8723AU rev B no-Bluetooth firmware
(rtlwifi/rtl8723aufw_B_NoBT.bin)
* Realtek RTL8723BE firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723befw.bin)
* Realtek RTL8723AE rev B firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723fw_B.bin)
* Realtek RTL8723AE rev A firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8723fw.bin)
* Realtek RTL8821AE firmware (rtlwifi/rtl8821aefw.bin)


firmware-iwlwifi

* Intel Wireless 3160 rev 10 Bluetooth firmware patch
(intel/ibt-hw-37.7.10-fw-1.0.2.3.d.bseq)
* Intel Wireless 7260 rev 10 WP2 B5 Bluetooth firmware path
(intel/ibt-hw-37.7.10-fw-1.80.1.2d.d.bseq)
* Intel Wireless 7260 rev 10 Bluetooth firmware patch
(intel/ibt-hw-37.7.10-fw-1.80.2.3.d.bseq)
* Intel Wireless 7260 Bluetooth firmware generic patch
(intel/ibt-hw-37.7.bseq)
* Intel Wireless 7265 rev 10 Bluetooth firmware generic patch
(intel/ibt-hw-37.8.10-fw-1.10.2.27.d.bseq)
* Intel Wireless 7265 Bluetooth firmware generic patch
(intel/ibt-hw-37.8.bseq)
* Intel Wireless 100 firmware, version 39.31.5.1 (iwlwifi-100-5.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 105 firmware, version 18.168.6.1
(iwlwifi-105-6.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 135 firmware, version 18.168.6.1
(iwlwifi-135-6.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 1000 firmware, version 39.31.5.1
(iwlwifi-1000-5.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 2200 firmware, version 18.168.6.1
(iwlwifi-2000-6.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 2230 firmware, version 18.168.6.1
(iwlwifi-2030-6.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 3160 firmware, version 22.1.7.0
(iwlwifi-3160-7.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 3160 firmware, version 22.24.8.0
(iwlwifi-3160-8.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 3160 firmware, version 23.214.9.0
(iwlwifi-3160-9.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 3945 firmware, version 15.32.2.9
(iwlwifi-3945-2.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 4965 firmware, version 228.61.2.24
(iwlwifi-4965-2.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 5100, 5300 and 5350 firmware, version 8.24.2.12
(iwlwifi-5000-2.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 5100, 5300 and 5350 firmware, version 8.83.5.1
(iwlwifi-5000-5.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 5150 firmware, version 8.24.2.2
(iwlwifi-5150-2.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 6000 firmware, version 9.221.4.1
(iwlwifi-6000-4.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 6005/6205 firmware, version 17.168.5.3
(iwlwifi-6000g2a-5.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 6005/6205 firmware, version 18.168.6.1
(iwlwifi-6000g2a-6.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 6030 firmware, version 18.168.6.1
(iwlwifi-6000g2b-6.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 6250 firmware, version 9.201.4.1
(iwlwifi-6050-4.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 6250 firmware, version 41.28.5.1
(iwlwifi-6050-5.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 7260 firmware, version 22.1.7.0
(iwlwifi-7260-7.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 7260 firmware, version 22.24.8.0
(iwlwifi-7260-8.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 7260 firmware, version 23.214.9.0
(iwlwifi-7260-9.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 7265 firmware, version 22.24.8.0
(iwlwifi-7265-8.ucode)
* Intel Wireless 7265 firmware, version 23.214.9.0
(iwlwifi-7265-9.ucode)

firmware-b43-installer

* BCM4306/3;
* BCM4311;
* BCM4318;
* BCM4321;
* BCM4322 (only 14e4:432b);
* BCM4312 (with Low-Power a.k.a. LP-PHY).

firmware-b43legacy-installer

* BCM4301;
* BCM4306/2;
* BCM4306.


atmel-firmware

* at76c50x.

firmware-brcm80211

Broadcom 802.11 firmware, version 610.812 (brcm/bcm43xx-0.fw)
* Broadcom 802.11 firmware header, version 610.812
(brcm/bcm43xx_hdr-0.fw)
* Broadcom BCM43143 firmware (brcm/brcmfmac43143-sdio.bin)
* Broadcom BCM43241 rev 0-3 firmware (brcm/brcmfmac43241b0-sdio.bin)
* Broadcom BCM43241 rev 4+ firmware (brcm/brcmfmac43241b4-sdio.bin)
* Broadcom BCM4329 firmware (brcm/brcmfmac4329-sdio.bin)
* Broadcom BCM4330 firmware (brcm/brcmfmac4330-sdio.bin)
* Broadcom BCM4334 firmware (brcm/brcmfmac4334-sdio.bin)
* Broadcom BCM4335 firmware (brcm/brcmfmac4335-sdio.bin)
* Broadcom BCM43362 firmware (brcm/brcmfmac43362-sdio.bin)
* Broadcom BCM4354 firmware (brcm/brcmfmac4354-sdio.bin)

firmware-ipw2x00

* Intel Pro Wireless 2100 firmware (bootstrap), version 1.3
   (ipw2100-1.3.fw)
 * Intel Pro Wireless 2100 firmware (ibss mode), version 1.3
   (ipw2100-1.3-i.fw)
 * Intel Pro Wireless 2100 firmware (monitor mode), version 1.3
   (ipw2100-1.3-p.fw)
 * Intel Pro Wireless 2200/2915 firmware (bss), version 3.1
   (ipw2200-bss.fw)
 * Intel Pro Wireless 2200/2915 firmware (ibss), version 3.1
   (ipw2200-ibss.fw)
 * Intel Pro Wireless 2200/2915 firmware (snf), version 3.1
   (ipw2200-sniffer.fw)

firmware-libertas

* USB8388 'Thinfirm' firmware (lbtf_usb.bin)
 * CF8381 main code (libertas/cf8381.bin)
 * CF8381 boot code (libertas/cf8381_helper.bin)
 * CF8385 main code (libertas/cf8385.bin, libertas_cs.fw)
 * CF8385 boot code (libertas/cf8385_helper.bin, libertas_cs_helper.fw)
 * GSPI8686 main code, version 9.x (libertas/gspi8686_v9.bin,
   libertas/gspi8686.bin)
 * GSPI8686 boot code, version 9.x (libertas/gspi8686_v9_helper.bin,
   libertas/gspi8686_hlp.bin)
 * GSPI8688 main code (libertas/gspi8688.bin)
 * GSPI8688 boot code (libertas/gspi8688_helper.bin)
 * SD8385 main code (libertas/sd8385.bin, sd8385.bin)
 * SD8385 boot code (libertas/sd8385_helper.bin, sd8385_helper.bin)
 * SD8686 main code, version 8.x (libertas/sd8686_v8.bin, sd8686.bin)
 * SD8686 boot code, version 8.x (libertas/sd8686_v8_helper.bin,
   sd8686_helper.bin)
 * SD8686 main code, version 9.x (libertas/sd8686_v9.bin)
 * SD8686 boot code, version 9.x (libertas/sd8686_v9_helper.bin)
 * USB8388 OLPC firmware, version 5.110.22.p23
   (libertas/usb8388_olpc.bin)
 * USB8388 firmware, version 5.x (libertas/usb8388_v5.bin, usb8388.bin)
 * USB8388 firmware, version 9.x (libertas/usb8388_v9.bin)
 * USB8682 firmware (libertas/usb8682.bin)
 * PCIE8897 firmware, version 15.69.2.p11 (WLAN) / 15.28.2.p11 (BT)
   (mrvl/pcie8897_uapsta.bin)
 * SD8688 main code (mrvl/sd8688.bin, sd8688.bin, libertas/sd8688.bin)
 * SD8688 boot code (mrvl/sd8688_helper.bin, sd8688_helper.bin,
   libertas/sd8688_helper.bin)
 * SD8787 firmware, version 14.66.9.p96 (mrvl/sd8787_uapsta.bin)
 * SD8797 firmware, version 14.66.11.p151 (mrvl/sd8797_uapsta.bin)
 * SD8897 firmware, version 15.69.2.p11 (WLAN) / 15.28.2.p11 (BT)
   (mrvl/sd8897_uapsta.bin)
 * USB8797 firmware, version 14.69.11.p179 (mrvl/usb8797_uapsta.bin)
 * MWL8366 main code (mwl8k/fmimage_8366.fw)
 * MWL8366 AP-mode main code (mwl8k/fmimage_8366_ap-2.fw)
 * MWL8366 AP-mode main code, version 5.2.8.16
   (mwl8k/fmimage_8366_ap-3.fw)
 * MWL8687 main code (mwl8k/fmimage_8687.fw)
 * MWL8764 AP-mode firmware, version 7.4.0.9
   (mwl8k/fmimage_8764_ap-1.fw)
 * MWL8366 boot code (mwl8k/helper_8366.fw)
 * MWL8687 boot code (mwl8k/helper_8687.fw)

libertas-firmware

Marvell Libertas 8xxx

zd1211-firmware

zd1211rw




No caso de não querer pesquisar pelo driver correto instale todos os disponiveis no repositório Debian  com o comando abaixo, pouco espaço sera ocupado e pouca diferença ira fazer na inicialização do sistema, eu isntalo tudo de uma vez e, tenho o sistema compativel a mais hardware.

Se optou por instalar tudo, de o comando abaixo no terminal

sudo apt install firmware-ralink firmware-atheros firmware-realtek firmware-iwlwifi firmware-b43-installer firmware-b43legacy-installer atmel-firmware  firmware-brcm80211 firmware-ipw2x00 firmware-libertas libertas-firmware zd1211-firmware